@techreport{MBPC-PANACeA2022,

title = {Mediterranean ecosystem restoration sites},

author = {MBPC-PANACeA},

url = {https://biodiversity.uma.es/wp-content/uploads/restoration_sites_web_opt.pdf},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-11-01},

urldate = {2022-11-01},

abstract = {This report was led by the European Topic Centre on Spatial Analysis and Synthesis (ETC-UMA) in the frame of the Mediterranean Biodiversity Protection Community initiative (MBPC) co-funded by the EU Interreg Mediterranean programme and is the result of a close consultation with the FAO-led Task Force on Best Practices. This report is the result of the collaborative efforts of many institutional partners, projects and individuals that made available information on their experience on restoration practices across the Mediterranean for wider dissemination. For each practice, the contributor’s name can be found as contact in the full annex description.},

keywords = {Biodiversity, Conservation and management, Ecosystem, Environmental conservation, Forest, Land and soil, Protected areas, Wetlands},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{Baritz2021,

title = {ETC/ULS Report 2021: Soil monitoring in Europe. Indicators and thresholds for soil quality assessments},

author = {R. Baritz and W. Amelung and V. Antoni and J. Boardman and R. Horn and G. Prokop and J. Römbke and P. Romkens and B. Steinhoff-Knopp and F. Swartjes and M. Trombetti and W. de Vries},

url = {https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-di/products/etc-uls-report-2021-soil-monitoring-in-europe-indicators-and-thresholds-for-soil-quality-assessments},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-24},

abstract = {This report summarizes the current state of knowledge about key soil indicators in the light of current and new policies in support of healthy soils. Healthy soils are understood to have full capacity of their functions and do not exceed the recommended thresholds. This approach is essential in order to assess soil health in the context of policy challenges and societal needs. The development and application of thresholds sensitive to the functioning of the soils, is the prerequisite to understand where soils are degraded. Once critical limits are exceeded, the soil cannot provide its multiple services, for example as a medium to filter contaminants or store and release nutrients. Indicators are sorted by soil threat, though the underlaying mechanisms is the sensitivity of parameters towards soil processes, thus its functions. Each indicator is introduced based on a short literature review, and explained based on common definitions. Quantified thresholds as targets for healthy soils are provided for soil organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous, acidification, soil pollution, erosion and compaction. No such limits are yet available for soil biodiversity, while for soil sealing, examples for politically set, country-specific limits are provided.   },

keywords = {Conservation and management, Environmental conservation, Land and soil, Soil functions},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{Abdul-Malak2021,

title = {Carbon pools and sequestration potential of wetlands in the European Union},

author = {D. Abdul-Malak and A. I. Marín and M. Trombetti and S. San-Román},

editor = {European Topic Centre on Urban, Land and Soil Systems},

url = {https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-uls/products/etc-uls-reports/etc-uls-report-10-2021-carbon-pools-and-sequestration-potential-of-wetlands-in-the-european-union},

isbn = {978-3-200-07433-0},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-01},

urldate = {2021-09-01},

abstract = {Wetland ecosystems as defined by the Ramsar convention host a wide variety of wetland habitats across terrestrial, coastal and marine environments. When in good condition, wetland habitats provide many societal benefits and values, among others, they play a crucial role in the carbon cycle because of their capacities to limit the availability of oxygen to soil microbes and decomposition of organic matter. Policies and practices do not sufficiently consider these interconnections and interdependencies in Europe yet due to the fragmented consideration of this ecosystem in their schemes. The findings of this report argue that healthy European wetland habitats have an enormous capacity to contribute to carbon neutrality objectives in Europe. Across the wide array of European ecosystems they belong to, wetland habitats have a role in contributing to the carbon cycle. The most meaningful European wetland habitats to contribute to carbon storage include well-functioning salt marshes, healthy mires, bogs and fens as well as riparian, fluvial and swamp forests. Furthermore, when healthy, terrestrial wetlands namely mires, bogs and fens (where peatlands underly), followed by riparian, fluvial and swamp forests as well as inland marshes ensure a high carbon sequestration potential. If kept in a good condition or restored, the EU wetland related carbon stock capacity of their overall area in Europe (EU 27 and the UK) is estimated to be between 12 - 31 Gt CO2-eq, corresponding to an overall value ranging between 3 and 8 years of EU GHG emissions1. Whereas the Carbon sequestration potential of healthy EU Wetlands per year is calculated to range between 24 and 144 Mt CO2 eq yr-1 (24,352 and 14,3719 kt CO2 eq yr-1), being a quantity that contributes to “neutralising” between 1 and 4 % of the total GHG emissions registered in the EU27 and the UK (according to 2018 reference year for reported emission). These findings should trigger wetland conservation and restoration to become a high priority for the EU to support reaching climate neutrality by 2050. Climate reporting systems require Parties to report on anthropogenic emissions and removals of greenhouse gases which includes reporting heavily modified peatland habitats only partially and dominantly as a net carbon emitter. Using ecosystem-based approaches to managing reported peatland habitats and re-establishing their ecosystem functioning do transform many of them from climate ‘heaters’ (carbon net sources) into climate ‘coolers’ (carbon net sinks).},

keywords = {Climate Change, Ecosystem services, Environmental conservation, Land and soil, Soil functions, Wetlands},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{Maes2021,

title = {EU ecosystem assessment - Summary for policymakers},

author = {J. Maes and M. Erhard and S. Conde and S. Rodriguez-Vallecillo and J.I. Barredo-Cano and M. Paracchini and D. Abdul-Malak and M. Trombetti and O. Vigiak and G. Zulian and A. Addamo and B. Grizzetti and F. Somma and A. Hagyo and P. Vogt and C. Polce and A. Jones and A. Carré and R. Hauser

},

editor = {Publications Office of the European Union},

url = {https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC123783},

doi = {10.2760/190829},

issn = {1831-9424},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-06-01},

institution = {Joint Research Center (JRC)},

abstract = {Europe’s ecosystems, on which we depend for food, timber, clean air, clean water, climate regulation and recreation, suffer from unrelenting pressures caused by intensive land or sea use, climate change, pollution, overexploitation and invasive alien species. Ensuring that ecosystems achieve or maintain a healthy state or a good condition is thus a key requirement to secure the sustainability of human activities and human well-being. This guiding principle applies for all ecosystems including marine and freshwater ecosystems, natural and semi-natural areas such as wetlands or heathlands but also managed ecosystems such as forests, farmlands and urban green spaces. Knowledge about ecosystem condition, the factors that improve or decline that condition, and the impacts on ecosystem services, with the benefits they deliver to people, is key to effective management, decision-making and policy design. Such an understanding helps target actions for conservation or restoration and more broadly sustainable use. This ecosystem assessment extends and complements the knowledge we have about the state and trends of ecosystems reported under the EU environmental legislation. The conservation of habitats and species as well as the environmental ambitions on freshwater and marine ecosystems have a well-defined thematic and geographical scope. This assessment goes beyond covering the entire terrestrial and marine territory of the EU and in many cases provides more spatially explicit information. Ecosystems inside and outside protected areas such as coastal and inland wetlands and forests contribute to the wellbeing of people through ecosystem services. Despite their importance, they are often heavily impacted and bringing these systems back in a good condition is a key objective for a more sustainable planet. But also human dominated ecosystems such as farmlands and urban green spaces are important providers of provisioning, regulating and cultural ecosystem services and can host remarkable levels of biodiversity that are at the basis of ecosystem services. These ecosystems should not be ignored when considering solutions to bend the curve of biodiversity loss. Consequently, this assessment brings together for the first time EU wide and commonly agreed data sets that can be used to assess the state and trends of ecosystems and their services as well as the pressures and their trends they are exposed to. This is particularly important to understand where and how much ecosystems are degraded and threatened so as to guide priority and cost-effective restoration efforts.},

keywords = {Biodiversity, Conservation and management, Ecosystem, Ecosystem services, Environmental conservation, Forest, Land and soil, Pressures, Protected areas, Wetlands},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{Ivits2020,

title = {ETC/ULS Report 02/2020: Land and ecosystem accounts for Europe. Towards geospatial environmental accounting},

author = {E. Ivits and R. Milego and E. Mancosu and M. Gregor and J.E. Petersen and G. Büttner and M. Löhnertz and G. Maucha and O. Petrik and A. Bastrup-Birk and J. Tafi and G. Hazeu},

url = {https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-di/products/etc-uls-report-02-2020-land-and-ecosystem-accounts-for-europe-towards-geospatial-environmental-accounting},

isbn = {978-3-200-07114-8},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-09-30},

urldate = {2020-09-30},

abstract = {Land use and land use change are fundamental for sustainable resource use and the delivery of ecosystem services, including the provision of food, nutrient cycling and climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration. Land resources are part of our shared natural capital and must be well managed to maintain a healthy environment and human well-being. As such, only if land use and its impacts are properly addressed is progress towards sustainable development in Europe possible. Land-use related policies require the development of harmonised datasets, transparent methodologies and easily interpretable statistics. Land accounts fit the bill, describing how land resource stocks change over time.},

keywords = {Conservation and management, Ecosystem, Ecosystem services, Environmental conservation, Land and soil},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{European-Environment-Agency2019,

title = {The European environment — state and outlook 2020},

author = {European-Environment-Agency},

url = {https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/soer-2020},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-12-04},

abstract = {Overall environmental trends in Europe have not improved since the last EEA state of the environment report in 2015. The assessment notes that while most of the 2020 targets will not be achieved, especially those on biodiversity, there is still a chance to meet the longer-term goals and objectives for 2030 and 2050.



According to ETC-UMA’s analysis for this report, the expansion of urban areas and transport networks transforms large habitat patches into smaller, more isolated fragments, leading to habitat fragmentation. Fragmentation often jeopardises the provision of many ecosystem services and affects the stability and resilience of habitats. Although the EU biodiversity strategy to 2020 has a target to ‘restore at least 15 % of degraded ecosystems in the Union and to expand the use of Green Infrastructure’, there are only a few signs that pressure of land fragmentation has reached its peak.



In the EEA-39 territory, land fragmentation increased by 6.2 % between 2009 and 2012 but slowed down to a 2.6 % increase in the period 2012-2015 (EEA, forthcoming). Compared to 2009, in 2015 the most rapid increase in fragmentation was observed in Poland (18 %) due to construction of motorways. Bulgaria, Greece and Hungary also showed rapid increases in fragmentation pressure (around 14 %). In absolute terms Switzerland and the Benelux states became the most fragmented in Europe (Map 5.2). In both measurement periods, mostly uninhabited areas and dispersed rural areas became more fragmented (more than a 5 % increase); these are areas with a relatively higher potential to provide ecosystem services because of their lower degrees of urbanisation.},

keywords = {Conservation and management, Environmental conservation, Land and soil, Pressures},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{Gregor2018,

title = {ETC/ULS Report 02/2018: Integrated accounting of land cover changes and soil functions},

author = {M. Gregor and M. Löhnertz and C. Schröder and E. Aksoy and G. Prokop and G. Louwagie },

url = {https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-uls/products/etc-uls-report-02-2018-integrated-accounting-of-land-cover-changes-and-soil-functions/@@download/file/uls_report_2018-02-lre.pdf},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-02},

urldate = {2018-01-02},

institution = {European Topic Centre on Urban Land and Soil Systems (ETC/ULS)},

abstract = {This report is the outcome of a study that was executed during the past five years by the EEA and ETC/ULS with support from EIONET (NRCs land use and spatial planning) and the European Soil Data Centre of DG JRC.



The analysis represents the first attempt to assess land use efficiency at a European scale. Several new data sets relating specifically to soil functions, were published only recently, and this made assessment possible. A key aim of this work was to study land cover changes and their positive or negative impacts on soil functions, and to obtain a disaggregated hotspot analysis and an overall balance of those impacts on soil functions. The report follows a logical flow.



Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the context of the study. It lays out a framework by giving information on the status of land and soil in the context of land resource efficiency, listing the most relevant current global and European policies, and introducing the concepts of soil function and land multi-functionality.



Chapter 2 provides details of the study’s input data, in particular the land cover flows as well as the pan-European soil function data, further explains the concept of multi-functionality and introduces the impact evaluation matrix.



The combined presentation of land processes and soil functions is the major topic in Chapter 3, whereas Chapter 4 then focuses on the impacts of a number of selected, sector-related land processes on several of the soil functions. The latter also identifies a number of hotspot regions at the NUTS 3 level in which the potential of soils to provide certain functions might be substantially affected.



At the end of the report, Chapter 5 provides information on the balance of impacts, by looking at the predominantly positive and predominantly negative impacts to assess the overall situation in Europe, but also at national and regional level. Finally, Chapter 6 identifies the implications of the analysis for land governance and attempts to shed light on the status of land resource efficiency in Europe. },

keywords = {Land and soil, Soil functions},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{EEA2017,

title = {Landscapes in transition — An account of 25 years of land cover change in Europe. EEA Report No 10/2017.},

author = {European-Environment-Agency},

url = {https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/landscapes-in-transition},

isbn = {978‑92‑9213‑882‑0},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-09-07},

abstract = {Landscape is one of the most precious assets contributing to Europe's cultural identity. As landscape is determined to a large extent by land use, the study of land use changes, especially through changes in the land cover, provides clues to the drivers of the transitions that landscape is currently going through. New data on land cover change in Europe up to 2012 show that total land cover change increased from the 2000‑2006 period to the 2006‑2012 period.},

keywords = {Forest, Land and soil},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{EEA2016,

title = {Mapping and assessing the condition of Europe’s ecosystems: progress and challenges. EEA Report No 3/2016},

author = {European-Environment-Agency},

url = {https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/mapping-europes-ecosystems},

isbn = {978-92-9213-726-7ISSN},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-02-22},

number = { 3/2016},

abstract = {We depend on healthy and resilient ecosystems to continue to deliver services, such as food, water, clean air and stable climate, which are essential for our well-being. This report provides an overview about the current condition of ecosystems in Europe and the human pressures they are exposed to. A ecosystem map for Europe reveals that many ecosystems are highly concentrated in a small number of countries, which could increase their vulnerability to environmental change, and a substantial proportion of the most vulnerable ecosystems are not protected within Natura 2000 sites, Marine Protected Areas or equivalent zones.},

keywords = {Biodiversity, Conservation and management, Forest, Land and soil, Wetlands},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{EEA2015,

title = {European Ecosystem Assessment - concept, data, and implementation},

author = {European-Environment-Agency},

url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277637973_European_Ecosystem_Assessment_-_concept_data_and_implementation},

doi = {10.2800/629258},

isbn = {978-92-9213-646-8},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-06-01},

number = {6/2015},

abstract = {This report summarises EEA contributions to Target 2 Action 5 'Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services (MAES)' for the implementation of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 (EC, 2011), the Strategy of the EU to meet the global targets of the Convention of Biodiversity (UN, 2010).},

keywords = {Conservation and management, Ecosystem, Geotechnology, Land and soil},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{Barbosa2011,

title = {Proposed land use scenario analysis, model input parameters and allocation rules},

author = {A. Barbosa and E. Mancosu and A. Gago-Silva and A. de Bono and A. Lehmann and M. Mierla and J. Hanganu and A. Littkopf},

url = {http://envirogrids.net/indexa4c5.html?option=com_jdownloads&Itemid=13&view=view.download&catid=12&cid=120 / http://envirogrids.net/envirogrids_d3_7a10b.pdf?option=com_jdownloads&Itemid=13&view=finish&cid=120&catid=12},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-07-06},

institution = {EnviroGRIDS},

abstract = {The enviroGRIDS scenarios comprise a number of plausible alternatives (storylines) based on a coherent set of assumptions, key relationships and driving forces, to create a set of quantitative, internally consistent and spatially explicit scenarios of future demography, climate and land use covering the entire Black Sea Catchment (BSC).

This report presents the analyses of the land use scenarios, a review of the combined method used to quantify the enviroGRIDS land use demand and the disaggregation of the global scenarios at a regional scale. Global land use demand was obtained from IMAGE 2.2 and disaggregated at regional (NUTS2) level. Afterwards a cellular automaton based land use model was applied to allocate the land use demands at local level. Land use allocation rules were assigned based on the scenario storylines and local decision rules. As a result, four alternative land use scenarios were derived: BS HOT, BS ALONE, BS COOP and BS COOL. The designation of allocation rules introduces local decisions based not only on the scenario storylines and expert knowledge but also on historical land use patterns. The method used can fill the gap between the global and regional scales and consequently translate land use patterns at various spatial levels.},

keywords = {Climate Change, EnviroGRIDS, Geotechnology, Land and soil},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}

@techreport{Barbosa2010,

title = {Land cover model inputs and efficient data model with possibilities to be updated},

author = {A. Barbosa and E. Ivanov and E. Mancosu and J. Hanganu},

editor = {Autonomous University of Barcelona},

url = {http://envirogrids.net/indexae9e.html?option=com_jdownloads&Itemid=13&view=view.download&catid=12&cid=33},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-03-01},

journal = {enviroGRIDS},

pages = {82},

institution = {EnviroGRIDS},

keywords = {Climate Change, EnviroGRIDS, Geotechnology, Land and soil},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {techreport}

}